Energy Efficient Homes For Dummies
By Rik DeGunther
John Wiley & Sons
Copyright © 2009
Rik DeGunther
All right reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-470-37602-7
Chapter One
Defining Efficiency
In This Chapter
* Looking at four types of efficiencies
* Recognizing inefficiencies
* Finding ways to increase efficiency
Efficiency is the production of a desired effect with a minimum amount of
effort or waste. That's the official definition, but you probably already
have an intuitive sense of what
energy efficiency means. Maybe to you it means
using less. Maybe it means saving more. Believe it or not, those two goals don't
always mean the same thing. That's because there are different kinds of efficiencies - energy,
financial, pollution, and labor. (Yes, I know that the title of
this book is
Energy Efficiency Homes For Dummies, and that angle takes front
and center, but it's not the whole picture. I think it's important to understand
some of the tradeoffs that are inherent in most of your decisions.)
To set and achieve your own efficiency goals, you need to be familiar with
the different kinds of efficiencies, understand how these can be at cross-purposes,
and get an idea of how you can begin to pursue your energy-efficiency
goals. This chapter gives you the lowdown.
Examining the Four Main Spokes
of the Efficiency Wheel
There are four different aspects of efficiency:
Energy efficiency: Getting the most useful output from energy sources
Financial efficiency: Getting the most for the least amount of money
Pollution efficiency: Polluting as little as possible
Labor efficiency: Spending the most time relaxing on the couch
REMEMBER
To find the right balance among these different types of efficiencies, you need
to ask yourself what you value the most. If you're only interested in lowering
your costs, financial efficiency is your sole criterion. If you're interested in
going green, living an efficient, energy-conserving lifestyle, you want to consider
pollution and energy efficiency. An ultra-green lifestyle implies pollution
efficiency more than energy efficiency or financial efficiency. And going green
also requires more labor than a conventional lifestyle. But perhaps your only
goal in life is to maximize the amount of time you spend at leisure (believe me,
I'm empathetic). In this case, labor efficiency is your most important goal.
In this section, I present some detailed examples of these different types of
efficiencies, and in the process, set up the basic premise of this book: Making
investment decisions for efficiency improvements in your home always
involves tradeoffs. To determine where the energy inefficiencies are in your
home, head to Chapter 3. Chapter 5 gives you advice on how to decide which
tradeoffs are best for you.
Energy efficiency
The energy efficiency of a device is a comparison, or ratio, of the useful
energy output to the total energy input. This ratio is always related to the
particular situation (the season, timing, desired end result, and so on).
For example, we want a light bulb to produce light. But we all know that a
light bulb also produces heat - sometimes a great deal. In the summertime
we don't want the heat, so the process is inefficient. A typical incandescent
bulb converts only 10 percent of input electrical energy into light energy; the
rest goes into heat. Therefore, the efficiency is 10 percent, or very poor. If
enough light bulbs are turned on at the same time, the air conditioner may
have to be turned on, which means even more inefficiency.
However, in the wintertime you can readily use that "inefficient" heat
because it essentially decreases the load on your heating system. In this
case, the efficiency may be close to 100 percent. You don't have to turn on
your inefficient heating system nearly as much, so using incandescent light
bulbs in the winter is a highly energy-efficient process.
Of course, outdoor incandescent light bulbs are just as inefficient in the winter
as in the summer. And light bulbs in an unoccupied room are inefficient as well.
REMEMBER
As you evaluate where inefficiencies exist in your own home, consider all the
factors that the come into play: the season, the desired outcome, and so on.
Financial efficiency
The financial efficiency of an appliance is the comparison, or ratio, of cost
savings to the cost of the appliance (which includes the original equipment
cost plus installation costs and maintenance costs, including energy). The
better the ratio of cost savings to price, the more financially efficient an
investment is. Another term for "financially efficient" is "cost effective." I use
these terms interchangeably.
Solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, for example, are capable of saving costs on
a power bill, and they have a well-defined initial price. Similarly, the cost of
a new, more efficient appliance can, over a relatively short time period, be
earned back by the energy savings.
Pollution efficiency
The pollution efficiency of an appliance is a comparison, or ratio, of the
useful output work (the job that is being done) to the amount of pollution that
is generated in the process. Solar PV panels create impressive output power
while generating essentially zero pollution. Coal stoves create a lot of output
power but also generate a lot of pollution. In evaluating pollution efficiency,
you need to consider more than just how much pollution the appliance or
system outputs. Solar panels, for example, create no pollution while they are
operating, but pollution is created in the process of manufacturing a solar
panel.
REMEMBER
As you weigh the costs and benefits of pollution efficiency, keep in mind that
there are usually no easy answers because the values being compared aren't
always mathematically measurable. How much value, for example, do you
attribute to helping the environment? Acceptable costs differ depending on
your viewpoint. Some people, for example, want only to go green, in which
case they will accept poor financial efficiency in favor of good pollution
efficiency. Others try to balance financial and pollution efficiencies.
Labor efficiency
Labor efficiency is a comparison, or ratio, of how much work an appliance
does to the amount of personal labor required to run and maintain it. A wood
stove, for example, is labor inefficient because you have to stack wood, haul
it inside, set it in the burn chamber, watch and stoke the fire as necessary,
and then clean ashes. A gas stove, on the other hand, is very labor efficient
- you only need to turn it off and on. Labor also includes pre-buy research,
purchase hassles (like financing or delivery truck rental), installation
(including cost of tools and hourly labor), and the maintenance and
operational burdens over time.
Analyzing efficiencies
When analyzing efficiencies, be sure to consider the life expectancy of a particular
investment. Answer these questions for every option you're considering:
How long will an appliance last?
How does the pollution output vary over time?
Will the energy efficiency decrease over time (the answer is almost
always yes because parts wear out, friction increases, and so on) and if
so how by how much?
How much maintenance will be required over time, and will you be able
to do the labor and maintenance, in years hence?
How long is the warranty, and how much will unwarranted repairs cost?
Who will be doing the service and where do parts come from?
How will the future costs of energy affect the financial efficiencies?
What are the financing costs and are there tax advantages now? Will
there be tax advantages in the future that aren't available now?
To find out how to determine the payback of energy-efficient improvements
you're thinking about, go to Chapter 5.
Opening Your Eyes to Inefficiency
Most people don't understand just how inefficient energy-consuming
processes are. If you're only interested in cost effectiveness, you don't really
need to know how inefficient processes are because, for you, saving money is
the bottom line. But if you're interested in energy efficiency, and particularly
pollution efficiency, you should understand just how utterly inefficient most
energy consuming processes are. It would be impossible to define all the
ways energy consumption processes are inefficient in a single book, much
less a short introductory chapter, but it is important that you get a feel for
the scope of the problem. The following sections offer two examples to
illustrate.
Electrical grid inefficiencies
Most household appliances are powered by electricity, which is the least
efficient method of consuming energy (more on this in Chapter 2). In many
cases, it's also the most polluting alternative, because a majority of electrical
energy comes from coal-fired furnaces. In addition, electrical energy is transmitted
via the power grid, which uses power lines and transformers to deliver
the AC voltages to your home. There are line losses (lines heat up and lose
energy in the process) in the power wires, sometimes as much as 50 percent if
the distances are great. Every transformer and substation is inefficient as well.
As a general rule, electrical systems are only around 30 percent efficient. This
means that the electricity that comes into your home is mostly wasted before
you use it. And when you use it - even if you use it wisely - you're wasting
a good deal of it as well.
Consider a vacuum cleaner. How much energy does it take to move a small
pile of dust from your floor to the vacuum bag? Very little. But by the time
you get done plugging your vacuum cleaner into the wall socket and turning
on a big, noisy electrical motor and swishing the wand across the floor,
you've used hordes of energy. So vacuuming is maybe around 5 percent
efficient. Compound this with the electrical inefficiencies from the utility grid
and you come up with a net efficiency of less than 2 percent! This means that
you've used 50 times more energy than you really needed to clean that dust
up off your floor. At the same time, you've released 50 times more carbon
dioxide into the atmosphere. An alternative? Get out the broom and dustpan.
Transportation inefficiencies
Autos take a lot of energy to produce. Factories consume copious amounts
of electrical power, and most factories have their own power substations
with transformers and high-voltage lines. So before you even drive your new
car off the lot, you've consumed nearly as much energy as your car will consume
to transport you the first 30,000 miles. This is true for even the most
fuel-efficient autos and trucks. And it's certainly true for a hybrid auto, which
consumes even more energy to produce than a conventional auto.
Your car weighs around 30 times more than you, so the vast majority of
energy it expends to transport you to work and back is actually dedicated to
transporting itself back and forth. You represent just a small fraction of the
total work expended. Now that's inefficient!
The big oil companies burn around two gallons of gasoline to get you a gallon
at the pump. Energy is required for drilling the crude from the ground, and
then transporting the raw crude to a refinery some distance away. The
process of cracking (breaking down raw components so as to output refined
products such as gasoline, heating oil, and so on) requires a great deal
of energy. Then the refined products need to be transported, first to the
regional hubs and from there to the local gas stations. Gas stations consume
energy and resources so that they can operate and sell you the gas.
All in all, your auto represents about 1 percent efficiency compared to a
bicycle.
Becoming More Efficient
Efficiency is the cheapest and easiest way to save the world from the runaway
effects of human consumption. A wide number of new technologies
are coming onto the market with the express goal of reducing the amount of
energy it takes to perform a particular task. A myriad of new devices purport
to reduce pollution while doing the same essential work. But it's a simple fact
that the easiest, fastest, and cheapest way to reduce pollution and energy
usage is simply by using less energy with the equipment you already have.
TIP
When you recycle, you are saving resources, energy, and landfill space. Go
to Chapter 14 to find out how simply using less, reusing more, and recycling
what's left over can yield big efficiency benefits.
Getting greater efficiency from
your current systems
You don't need to invest in new equipment to achieve impressive results. For
example, when you drive less, you use less gas. Two people in a large SUV
use less gas per person than two people each in their own separate hybrids,
so carpooling is much more effective than fuel-efficient autos.
Similarly, when you turn your thermostat down in the winter and put on a
sweater, you are immediately using less energy, and this is just one simple
example.
There are myriad other ways to reduce inefficiencies in nearly every aspect
of your home: sealing leaks and beefing up your insulation, taking advantage
of natural air movement, using your appliance more efficiently, and so on.
Head to Part II for system-by-system solutions.
Supplementing or replacing
existing systems
Sometimes the way to greater efficiency is to replace or supplement your
existing systems with more-energy-efficient systems. When you replace an
open fireplace with a high-efficiency wood or gas stove, for example, you
not only eliminate the unbelievable amount of energy waste associated with
open hearths, but you supplement your existing HVAC system, meaning you
can use it less. Part III explains how these alternative energy sources and
others - solar power, radiant heat, geothermal heating systems and so on - can
enhance efficiency.
REMEMBER
Every contribution you make adds up. There are no "little" contributions. The
U.S. Department of Energy has estimated that if everybody were to pitch in,
energy consumption could be reduced by up to 20 percent. That's a major
and immediate change in not only our dependence on foreign oil, but our
contribution to greenhouse gases. If everybody were willing to pitch in not
only by being more energy-efficient, but also by investing a few hundred
dollars for improvements, energy consumption could be reduced by up to 30
percent. This would drop the cost of energy because demand would decrease,
and the net effect would be more like a 40 percent reduction in cost for all of us.
Conservation versus efficiency
Conserving energy simply means using less.
Turning all the lights off in your house is conservation.
Efficiency, on the other hand, is using
less energy to achieve the same result. Plugging
in fluorescents is practicing energy efficiency.
Turning off the light and stumbling around in the
dark is conservation. The meanings overlap, but
the distinction is useful. For instance, if you use
a programmable thermostat to turn your heater
off during the day while you're at work and then
turn it back on right before you get home, you're
achieving better efficiency by conserving.
Looking at energy storage and efficiency
Some forms of energy are easy to store.
Gasoline is a liquid that pours easily and can be
transported readily. It can sit in a sealed container
for years. Wood pellets can be stored
for years with little loss in potential. Corn, on
the other hand, attracts rodents and can very
quickly go from being fuel in your storage bin
to "food" that attracts large, furry assaults in
the middle of the night. The heat from a fire
can be stored in the materials in a room, but it
doesn't last very long after the fire goes out. It's
beneficial to consider energy not as a go/no-go
proposition, but as a continuum.
(Continues...)
Excerpted from Energy Efficient Homes For Dummies
by Rik DeGunther
Copyright © 2009 by Rik DeGunther.
Excerpted by permission.
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