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Summary
Summary
Finalist for the National Book Award for Poetry
WHEREAS her birth signaled the responsibility as mother to teach what it is to be Lakota therein the question: What did I know about being Lakota? Signaled panic, blood rush my embarrassment. What did I know of our language but pieces? Would I teach her to be pieces? Until a friend comforted, Don't worry, you and your daughter will learn together. Today she stood sunlight on her shoulders lean and straight to share a song in Diné, her father's language. To sing she motions simultaneously with her hands; I watch her be in multiple musics.
--from "WHEREAS Statements"
WHEREAS confronts the coercive language of the United States government in its responses, treaties, and apologies to Native American peoples and tribes, and reflects that language in its officiousness and duplicity back on its perpetrators. Through a virtuosic array of short lyrics, prose poems, longer narrative sequences, resolutions, and disclaimers, Layli Long Soldier has created a brilliantly innovative text to examine histories, landscapes, her own writing, and her predicament inside national affiliations. "I am," she writes, "a citizen of the United States and an enrolled member of the Oglala Sioux Tribe, meaning I am a citizen of the Oglala Lakota Nation--and in this dual citizenship I must work, I must eat, I must art, I must mother, I must friend, I must listen, I must observe, constantly I must live." This strident, plaintive book introduces a major new voice in contemporary literature.
Author Notes
Layli Long Soldier received a 2015 Lannan Fellowship for Poetry, a 2015 National Artist Fellowship from the Native Arts and Cultures Foundation, and a 2016 Whiting Writers' Award. She lives in Arizona and teaches at Diné College.
Reviews (4)
Publisher's Weekly Review
"Keep in mind, I am not a historian// So I will recount facts as best I can, given limited resources and understanding," writes Long Soldier, a 2016 Whiting Award winner, in her formally ambitious and gut-wrenching debut collection. Long Soldier may not be a historian, but she gives a vivid account of the realities of life as a Native American mother, unfurling a series of poems that relate the duplicitous behavior of the U.S. government toward indigenous peoples. Her poem recounting the fate of the Dakota 38, hanged for the Sioux Uprising of 1862 in "the largest 'legal' mass execution in US history," serves as a microcosm for and a focal point of the collection. Long Soldier leans heavily on the "legal speak and congressional language" of apologies and broken treaties that mark out "centuries in sorry." Employing discrete lyric, conceptual, and concrete forms; extended sequences; and sprawling prose series, she asks, "how do I language a collision arrived at through separation?" The work is difficult for its often stark, dispassionate language as well as the heaviness of the feeling that refuses to be stifled by the means of delivery. Long Soldier underscores how centuries of legal jargon have decimated peoples, their voices, and their languages: "Although I often feel lost on this trail, I know I am not alone." (Mar.) © Copyright PWxyz, LLC. All rights reserved.
Booklist Review
In 2009, President Obama signed a Congressional Resolution of Apology to Native Americans, which could have proven historically monumental, but the resolution was never read aloud, no tribal leaders received it, and the apology was subsumed in a Defense Appropriations Act. For this searingly intelligent, masterfully crafted, and unarguably important debut book of poetry, Long Soldier takes the Resolution of Apology as a bulwark against which to orient a poetic response. Blending prose and verse, writing in heritage language and foster tongue, playing with white space and marginalia, Long Soldier articulates an argument against the conventional framing of Native space surrounded and dominated by federal lands, hijacking legalese to resist this ongoing colonization. In the process, she generates singular and ineffable imagery: I'm chewing at a funeral and. I'm nibbling my pulp knuckles. Elsewhere, A tick head burrows in the skin of a question. A wickedly smart, necessarily solemn, and unmistakably urgent addition to a continually burgeoning canon of Native poetry, alongside such authors as Natalie Diaz, dg okpik, and Jennifer Foerster.--Báez, Diego Copyright 2017 Booklist
New York Review of Books Review
the American poet Layli Long Soldier's debut collection, "Whereas," is in part a response to the Congressional resolution of apology to Native Americans, which President Obama signed in obscurity in 2009. There were no Native Americans present to receive the apology, as most never knew an apology was made. In an introduction to the title poem, Long Soldier writes: "My response is directed to the apology's delivery, as well as the language, crafting and arrangement of the written document." She is referring at least to the disclaimer that renders the document's admissions of crimes null in legal matters. It can be argued she is referring to a more general language exercised in American documents, including American poetry. "Whereas" is an excavation, reorganization and documentation of a structure of language that has talked the United States through its many acts of violence. This book troubles our consideration of the language we use to carry our personal and national narratives. In the same introduction, Long Soldier writes: "I am a citizen of the United States and an enrolled member of the Oglala Sioux Tribe, meaning I am a citizen of the Oglala Lakota Nation - and in this dual citizenship, I must work, I must eat, I must art, I must mother, I must friend, I must listen, I must observe, constantly I must live." Long Soldier's affirmation as a dual citizen is important considering the less than rigorous practice of American literary criticism's strategic and diminishing valuation of a writer's "racial" or "ethnic" identity as part of or in place of a writer's craft. She is usually referred to first as a Lakota or Oglala Sioux poet, as one might be called a concrete or experimental poet. A distinguished black poet recently told me, "Many people have written about what I write about, but none have written about how I've done it." Long Soldier is aware of the American tradition of reading a racial or ethnic identity, especially an indigenous language, as an art form. She has built a poetics that refuses those boundaries, even when she engages with her Lakota identity. Her literary lineage is wide and demanding. "Whereas" is in deep conversation with the work of M. NourbeSe Philip, bpNichol and Gertrude Stein, as well as indigenous works like Zitkala-Sa's "Impressions of an Indian Childhood," Joy Harjo's "Conflict Resolution for Holy Beings," Ofelia Zepeda's "Ocean Power: Poems From the Desert" and Simon J. Ortiz's "From Sand Creek." The aching poem at the heart of "Whereas," "38," recounts the "largest 'legal' mass execution" in United States history: the hanging of 38 Dakota men, ordered by our still-lauded president "Honest" Abe Lincoln days before he signed the Emancipation Proclamation. In this poem, grammatically correct sentences reveal and bear the burdens of Long Soldier's poetic endeavor. "38" begins with the following lines: "Here, the sentence will be respected. /1 will compose each sentence with care, by minding what the rules of writing dictate." And further down: "Also, historical events will not be dramatized for an 'interesting' read. / Therefore, I feel most responsible to the orderly sentence; conveyor of thought." This harks back to the grammatical precision of the "apology" and how it was crafted to avoid any physical expense. By the end of "38," Long Soldier has problematized the correctness of the sentence, revealing the violent capacity of language and the country whose mouth it fills: When the Dakota people were starving, as you may remember, government traders would not extend store credit to "Indians." One trader named Andrew Myrick is famous for his refusal to provide credit to Dakota people by saying, "If they are hungry, let them eat grass." There are variations of Myrick's words, but they are all something to that effect. When settlers and traders were killed during the Sioux Uprising, one of the first to be executed by the Dakota was Andrew Myrick. When Myrick's body was found, his mouth was stuffed with grass. I am inclined to call this act by the Dakota warriors a poem. I read "Whereas" alongside a book called "Architecture After Revolution" (2013) while in Palestine with a group of international writers traveling daily across the borders between Israel and the West Bank. "Whereas" was in my bag and on my mind while navigating the psychological and physical experiences of Israeli occupation of Palestine, which were recognizable to me, having grown up at Fort Mojave, a military fort turned reservation. It is easy to forget that America is an occupied land unless you are familiar with the hundreds of treaties made between the United States government and over 560 federally recognized indigenous tribes across our nation. "Architecture After Revolution" belongs to a collection of projects envisioned by the Decolonizing Architecture Art Residency in the Palestinian desert town of Beit Sahour, which describes its work as "the radical condition of architecture at the moment of decolonization - the very moment that power has been unplugged, when old uses are gone and new uses not yet defined." Likewise, Long Soldier's poems are radical in structure and constraint. The white spaces in her poems are not felt as absence but are generative, each as intentionally shaped and as sonic as her text, as with Section 3 from "He Sápá," a visual poem in the vein of Nichol and a semantic playground echoing Stein, laid out on the page in a square, with each line representing one side: "This is how you see me the space in which to place me / The space in me you see is this place / To see this space see how you place me in you / This is how to place you in the space in which to see." Rather than subverting any particular structure, Long Soldier is leaping into new "not yet defined" spaces. "Whereas" challenges the making and maintenance of an empire by transforming the page to withstand the tension of an occupied body, country and, specifically, an occupied language. Indigenous languages are an integral part of the American lexicon though their systematic silencing continues today; there is no American Arts and Letters without their inclusion. The English-only power structure that once disguised American poetry is shifting, shaped by a generation of poets, Long Soldier among them, imagining their heritage languages and image systems as part of a complex linguistic and literary tradition. In "Whereas," this includes acknowledging writing as a visual act in forms that take on physical boundaries like footnotes, brackets and stitching, disrupted prose blocks, poems shaped and fragmented like long blades of grass, or a poem shaped like a hammer or a box. Long Soldier reminds readers of their physical and linguistic bodies as they are returned to language through their mouths and eyes and tongues across the fields of her poems. John Berger, in the essay "Once in a Poem," describes poetry as both crossing battlefields and tending the battles' wounded. He believes poems "bring a kind of peace. Not by anesthesia or easy reassurance, but by recognition and the promise that what has been experienced cannot disappear as if it had never been." Though the Congressional resolution of apology to Native Americans is void of any gestures signaling sincere repair, "Whereas" ensures that this grief, this absence, will be given presence, be given a body to wonder: "If I'm transformed by language, I am often / crouched in footnote or blazing in title. / Where in the body do I begin." NATALIE DIAZ is the author of a poetry collection, "When My Brother Was an Aztec."
Library Journal Review
Whiting Award winner Long Soldier, a citizen of the Oglala Lakota Nation, uses urgent, muscular, fiercely vibrant language to explore the very concept of language: how tightly it is bound up with culture, how it shifts and defines the speaker. The early poems set the scene: a man is dragged through the dirt, "His skull, glisten of star/ to bone; a square poem signals the speaker's entrapment; "Wings that do not close" bespeak aspiration. Soon the speaker is exploring the relation of thought to language, which must be used well ("Here, the sentence will be respected"), even as she comments reflexively on historical and ongoing abuses. The tour-de-force title section confronts the U.S. government's meager apology for such abuses in 2009. VERDICT Challenging and worth it. © Copyright 2017. Library Journals LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Media Source, Inc. No redistribution permitted.