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| Book | Searching... Andover - Memorial Hall Library | FICTION LABATUT | 31330009081567 | Searching... Unknown |
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Summary
Summary
One of The New York Times Book Review 's 10 Best Books of 2021
Shortlisted for the 2021 International Booker Prize and the 2021 National Book Award for Translated Literature
A fictional examination of the lives of real-life scientists and thinkers whose discoveries resulted in moral consequences beyond their imagining.
When We Cease to Understand the World is a book about the complicated links between scientific and mathematical discovery, madness, and destruction.
Fritz Haber, Alexander Grothendieck, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger--these are some of luminaries into whose troubled lives Benjamín Labatut thrusts the reader, showing us how they grappled with the most profound questions of existence. They have strokes of unparalleled genius, alienate friends and lovers, descend into isolation and insanity. Some of their discoveries reshape human life for the better; others pave the way to chaos and unimaginable suffering. The lines are never clear.
At a breakneck pace and with a wealth of disturbing detail, Labatut uses the imaginative resources of fiction to tell the stories of the scientists and mathematicians who expanded our notions of the possible.
Reviews (3)
Publisher's Weekly Review
Reading like an episodic digest, Chilean writer Labatut's stylish English-language debut offers an embellished, heretical, and thoroughly engrossing account of the personalities and creative madness that gave rise to some of the 20th century's greatest scientific discoveries. Labatut begins with Prussian blue, the first synthetic pigment, created by alchemist Johann Conrad Dippel, and links it to the evolution of modern industrial poisons and the life of WWI German chemist Fritz Haber. Labatut then follows Alexander Grothendieck, the reclusive French mathematician whose political and spiritual inclinations led him to a life of monklike sequestration, before dramatizing the long battle between Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger over the future of quantum physics. Labatut, like his single-minded, sometimes nearly demented protagonists, is interested in the underlying nature of things; his subject is the all-consuming human drive to discover, and the danger therein, which he explores with literary but never pretentious prose, impressively translated by West (on Prussian blue: "something in the colour's chemical structure invoked violence: a fault, a shadow, an existential stain passed down from those experiments in which the alchemist dismembered living animals to create it"). Hard to pin down and all the more enjoyable for it, this unique work is one to be savored. Agent: Constanza Martinez, Puentes Agency. (Sept.)
Guardian Review
God does not play dice with the world, Albert Einstein famously declared, to which Benjamín Labatut would surely retort: perhaps not - but the devil does. In fact, Einstein himself had a lifelong niggle of doubt about mathematics, the discipline that we suppose keeps the Lord away from the gaming tables. How is it, he wondered, that an intellectual tool invented by humans can comprehend, account for and even manipulate so much of objective reality? That the physical world should be amenable to something we made up seemed to him suspect. Is it perhaps that we register only as much of the world as our figurings can encompass? Wittgenstein had already conjectured that the limits of our language are the limits of our knowledge; could this be the case also, but more radically, with mathematics and the branches of science on which it is based? We see only that which we are capable of seeing: how much is beyond us? About quantum mechanics, the development of which was as bold and momentous a feat as the formulation of the theory of general relativity, Einstein had more than a doubt - he loathed it, refusing to accept a version of physics that replaced Newtonian certitude with a haze of probabilities. He spent the last 30 years of his life attempting to bring about a synthesis that would transcend quantum theory, and failed. Outlandish hypotheses put forward in the late 1920s by Werner Heisenberg and Niels Bohr, the originators of the Copenhagen Interpretation of how atoms work, today underpin the science that guides the exploration of the farthest reaches of space and the workings of the mobile phone in your pocket. Books of popular science usually celebrate the wondrous achievements that applied mathematics has wrought in the realms of physics, chemistry and cosmology. Labatut, born in Holland and resident in Chile, will have none of it. When We Cease to Understand the World (translated by Adrian Nathan West) is his ingenious, intricate and deeply disturbing "work of fiction based on real events", though it might have been better to call it a nonfiction novel, since the majority of the characters are historical figures, and much of the narrative is based on historical fact. Towards the close of the book we are introduced briefly to the narrator's neighbour, whom he encounters on his nocturnal strolls with his dog and whom he refers to as "the night gardener", because he tends his plants when they're asleep and won't be distressed by his interfering with them. It is to this mysterious figure that the narrator - or Labatut, since the two seem synonymous - gives the last, alarming, word. For the gardener, sums are the root of all contemporary evil: "It was mathematics - not nuclear weapons, computers, biological warfare or our climate Armageddon - which was changing our world to the point where, in a couple of decades at most, we would simply not be able to grasp what being human really meant." The first section of Labatut's book moves at a dizzying pace. He begins with a guided tour of a chamber of horrors in which we encounter some of the more diabolical inventions prompted by two world wars, and are introduced to a blur of real-life characters including the drug-raddled Hermann Göring, who crushed a cyanide capsule in his mouth to avoid the hangman's rope; the father of computing, Alan Turing, who is reputed to have killed himself by biting into an apple he had injected with the same poison; Johann Jacob Diesbach, the inventor of Prussian blue, the first modern synthetic pigment and the basis of cyanide; and the alchemist Johann Dippel, who may have been the model for Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. The real villain here, however, is the chemist Fritz Haber (who died in 1934), who directed the programme of poison gas attacks that killed tens of thousands of soldiers in the first world war, an accomplishment that drove his disapproving wife to suicide. Haber also discovered how to harvest nitrogen and make the fertiliser that saved the hundreds of millions of people who would have died in worldwide famines at the beginning of the 20th century. All the same, in the end he was overwhelmed by guilt, "not," Labatut writes, "for the part he had played ¿ in the death of untold human beings" - yes, the generally fine translation does wobble in places - "but because his method of extracting nitrogen from the air had so altered the natural equilibrium of the planet that he feared the world's future belonged not to mankind but to plants". After this hair-raising opening we are launched into somewhat more tranquil regions of spacetime, where float more familiar characters such as Einstein and other 20th-century physicists and mathematicians, and the narrative pace slows as the booster rocket that was the first chapter falls away. One of the most impressive aspects of the book is the wonderfully intricate web of associations that it weaves. The mathematician and soldier Karl Schwarzschild solved the field equations in the theory of general relativity in 1915, the same year Einstein published them. Einstein was astounded to receive his letter containing the solution, and soon replied to it; however, Schwarzschild was already dead, of an obscure disease which was possibly the result of his having been caught in a gas attack in the trenches ¿ One of the consequences of his solution was the "Schwarzschild singularity", an early name for the phenomenon we now know as a black hole. From the abyss of war he had written to a friend: "We have reached the highest point of civilisation. All that is left for us is to decay and fall." Next we meet, or are confronted with, two of the greatest mathematicians and strangest human beings of our time. The Japanese Shinichi Mochizuki invented a new kind of mathematics; a fellow theorist said of one of his papers that he felt that it had come from the future. Mochizuki achieved fame in 1996 when he proved a mathematical conjecture by the German-born Alexander Grothendieck. Between 1958 and 1973, Labatut writes, Grothendieck convinced "the finest minds of his generation to ¿ join his radical quest to unearth the structures underlying all mathematical objects". Mochizuki and Grothendieck were both visionaries, and both ended by renouncing mathematics, the former becoming "completely unhinged" by "the 'heart of the heart', an entity Grothendieck had discovered at the very centre of mathematics ¿" What this entity might be, we are not told; but the narrator considers it a thing best kept firmly locked away in Pandora's laboratory. The second half of Labatut's book is largely taken up with the struggle for supremacy in modern physics between Erwin Schrödinger and Heisenberg. In 1926 Schrödinger formulated an equation which describes, Labatut writes, "virtually the whole of modern chemistry and physics"; in violent opposition, Heisenberg developed the "uncertainty principle", throwing the whole of modern chemistry and physics into doubt, and in the process invented quantum mechanics. There was a price, as Bohr, that crafty magus, foresaw: in philosophical terms, Bohr told Heisenberg that the uncertainty principle "was the end of determinism". No one fully understands quantum theory, since it makes no sense to our common sense minds; but it works, and is at the foundation of most of the significant advances in modern technology. Like Einstein, Schrödinger couldn't be doing with it, and tried all his life to find ways to transcend it. Which of them was right, Schrödinger or Heisenberg? Both were, possibly, and possibly both were wrong, also, in a world poised upon quanta. Their scientific heirs continue to search for the ToE, or Theory of Everything, a mathematical formula that will unite all five forces, from gravity down to the ties that bind subatomic particles; it is still the grail for physicists everywhere, but the light of that sacred vessel continues to be a tantalising flicker. The Spanish title of Labatut's book is Un Verdor Terrible - roughly, "A Terrible Greening" - and it is a pity some English version of it was not found. The book closes with the "night gardener" informing the narrator of the manner in which citrus trees die. At the end they produce a monstrous crop, when "their fruits ripen all at once, whole limbs break off due to their excessive weight, and after a few weeks the ground is covered with rotting lemons. It is a strange sight, he said, to see such exuberance before death." Labatut has written a dystopian nonfiction novel set not in the future but in the present. Has modern science and its engine, mathematics, in its drive towards "the heart of the heart", already assured our destruction? As Grothendieck put it: "The atoms that tore Hiroshima and Nagasaki apart were split not by the greasy fingers of a general, but by a group of physicists armed with a fistful of equations." Yes, but mother nature, as we see in these times of pandemic, has her own ways of teaching us humility.
Kirkus Review
A belletristic exploration of the psychic and social tolls of 20th-century scientific innovation. The Nobel-winning chemist Fritz Haber discovered the process that made lifesaving nitrogen fertilizer but also facilitated chemical weapons that killed thousands in World War I. The physicist Karl Schwarzchild discovered the phenomena behind black holes but was haunted by the violence he witnessed during the same conflict. Alexander Grothendieck was a pioneering mathematician who became a troubled and eccentric recluse. The central figures in quantum physics were all stricken with physical and mental illnesses, as if they buckled under the weight of their research. The first novel published in English by Chilean author Labatut--which was a finalist for the 2021 International Booker Prize--is constructed out of vignettes on these figures, coolly undermining the notion of consistent forward scientific progress. Rather, he writes, we are "borne of the whims of a many-armed goddess toying with chance." Each section of the novel centers on one of the scientists in question, and in the early going Labatut comes off as more of a scientific historian than a novelist; the first chapter, on Haber, reads like a biographical sketch. But by the time we get to Erwin Schrödinger, Labatut's writing becomes more interior and complex as the physicist scrabbles for footing within the scientific community and Indian religious tradition, then descends into an obsession with an underage girl he meets at a sanatorium. Just as quantum physics threw the bedrock principles of the universe into question, the novel shifts further from fact, closing with a fully fictional coda. In structure and content, the novel is highly mannered, but Labatut's high-concept approach makes room for an emotional impact; you can feel the center stop holding as scientific triumphs become Pyrrhic victories. A somber counterweight to the usual lore about scientific genius. Copyright (c) Kirkus Reviews, used with permission.